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Feature Articles
Client Expectations
Part I - Pursue them to assure project success
by Rob Cimini Failed projects and disappointing results from company critical initiatives are not the exception. Numerous studies support this alarming reality. The Economist Intelligence Unit, an organization that does research world wide to assist executives in decision making, reported improvement initiatives failed to meet expectations from 40% of the executives surveyed. In the IT world, studies have reported wide ranging disappointing results in project outcomes, some as high as 75% of projects being rated as unsuccessful.
There is no one answer to these disturbing statistics. However, based on personal experience, one observation consistently surfaces in successful engagements - meeting the client’s expectations has been synonymous with project success. This observation is supported by a study conducted by Gantthead in August 2003 on the top ten reasons for project failures. The second most significant contributor was failure to set and manage expectations.
Meeting client expectations is arguably the absolute definition of project success, the obvious objective of any consulting engagement. Achieving this requires addressing three factors:
- Defining what is meant by meeting client expectations;
- Accepting personnel accountability;
- Managing the process of meeting client expectations.
Meeting client expectations
Clarifying the concept of meeting client expectations requires defining both the “client” and the scope of expectations. The client represents anyone who has an interest in or who is impacted by the outcome of the project. In project management terminology, these are the stakeholders. Subsequently the scope of the stakeholders’ expectations that must be met for genuine project success goes beyond the mutually agreed upon project objectives and the identification of deliverables in the statement of work or contract. It encompasses the myriad of challenges of working through the client’s organization and business issues and dealing with tacit expectations of the consultant held by the stakeholders.
And even though the consultant may painstakingly document the deliverables and contractual obligations with full key stakeholder agreement, proceeding with singleness of purpose in that direction without uncovering and addressing the peripheral expectations, poses a significant threat to project success.
Accountability
Based on this assessment of stakeholder expectations, a commitment by the consultant to be accountable for meeting them is vital to achieving genuine project success. This is not a negotiated accountability that is re-qualified as project obstacles arise, but an unwavering position established at the project initiation. Fulfilling this commitment is dependent on the following two conditions:
- The role of the consultant is that of a solution provider, delivering a finished, working solution of tangible value to the client;
- The consultant accepts the necessity to manage the engagement beyond just the application of specific technical expertise but includes the full scope of stakeholder expectations as defined above.
Managing Expectations
Accountability represents the foundation on which project success can be built through meeting the stakeholders’ expectations. But achieving this end requires a working, dynamic management process. It requires that agreed upon objectives and expectations are constantly monitored to assure they are being addressed and to assess changes, both subtle and otherwise. A working management process relies heavily on the use of general management skills in concert with skill in applying a project management methodology.
The essential role of general management skills in managing expectations cannot be overstated. Demonstrating leadership on the project; using communication skills to develop relationships with the stakeholders; negotiating conflict and differences among team members and stakeholders; and influencing the organization based on the consultant’s professional experience are all characteristics that build credibility with the stakeholders and engages them in supporting the project.
Perhaps the most important general management skill is problem solving. Problem solving in the consultant’s area of specialization is assumed. But based on experience, sources of the most daunting problems are the client’s organization and the resistance to accountability that must be assumed by key stakeholders and team members. Confronting these obstacles can be a severe test of the consultant’s commitment to accountability. But overcoming them is essential to fulfilling the project objectives and ultimately meeting the expectations of the stakeholders.
Embracing meeting client / stakeholder expectations as the truest measure of project success and accepting accountability for meeting those expectations can present a formidable consulting challenge beyond just the application of specific technical expertise. But a commitment to that end aided by a strong active management process can mean the difference between the consultant receiving an acknowledgement or having to provide justification, i.e. receiving an acknowledgement for the excellence of his/her work or providing a justification of delivered results at the end of the project.
(Part II of this article will provide an overview of the essential components of the project management methodology for managing stakeholder expectations.)
Rob Cimini, PMP is Director of Project Management for Pragmatic Consulting, Inc., a consulting firm that provides continuous improvement solutions.
Using IP for Business Growth
by Michael Kayat
Many of us are consulting with product and service companies who need to continually innovate in order to maintain business growth by satisfying customers in existing and new markets. Innovation is an important market differentiator. However, the time from ideation to market launch is shrinking in the face of global competition. Along the way, successful, highly innovative companies are creating strong and large portfolios of intellectual property (IP) that if managed strategically can be used to generate additional revenues, market share, alliances, protect competitive positions as well as staking out new landscapes. Patents, copyrights, trademarks, software, business methods and trade secrets are all types of IP. In the US, Europe and Asia including China, patent filings are increasing each year (along with patent enforcement actions and infringement suits). IP is a key to making innovation and competitive advantage both exclusive and sustainable.
Strategic IP management that is aligned with corporate growth strategies produces significant value to a company’s economic value. The largest global companies like Avery, Dell, Dow, IBM, Intel, Proctor & Gamble and others have shown the value of strategic IP management. For example, IBM generates nearly $2 billion a year on licensing revenue. According to industry reports, on average about 70% of the market value of the S&P500 companies is due to IP and other intellectual assets while some 90% of the economic value of the global 2000 companies in 2007 will be attributable to intangible intellectual assets including IP. This is an increase from around 20% thirty years ago.
Most small and medium size companies are not utilizing IP management even though studies have indicated they could typically add 10 to 20% onto operating income if they did so and in successful patent infringement cases, the payoff can be tens of millions of dollars or higher. Many larger companies are looking to in-license existing proven technology, saving years of expensive research and development. However, in small and medium size companies IP management is usually not measured or valued (except as an expense due to patent fees), because it is not being managed for opportunity or risk. Main reasons are the lack of executive management appreciation of the strategic nature of IP and limited knowledge of the actual IP that is owned, together with a lack of resources to effectively manage IP.
Developing and implementing strategic IP management follows several important steps:
Patent mining: conduct an IP audit and analyze patent portfolios, identify “obsolete” patents for abandonment or donation, identify opportunities for enforcing patents that are being infringed, out-licensing new technology, identify new technologies for possible joint ventures;
Technology landscape analysis: explore the patent landscape and technology environment, identify blocking patents, explore possible infringement risks for new product technology (early in the product development phase), identify external patents whose rights may be acquired, analyze competitor’s patents that may be used to block product development;
Technology valuation: define strategic IP objectives in the context of corporate strategy, understand patents and associated technologies, assess the competitive landscape, analyze the threats and opportunities presented by competitor’s patents, research markets;
IP commercialization: determine the best options on the potential for specific technology or patent, including in/out licensing, new product development in new synergists and opportunistic markets, strategic alliances, spin-outs, merger and acquisitions, enforcements along with cost-saving options through abandonment and donations.
Strategic IP management is now an important part of corporate strategy and is a key to sustaining innovative and competitive advantage for companies of all sizes.
Michael Kayat is Managing Principal Partner, Metrisys LLC, a firm that provides strategy, sales, marketing and business development services to emerging technology companies.
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